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This page is designed to be a central source of information about the SQL standards process and its current state. It also contains pointers to other sources of information about the SQL standard. The information available here is:

Current Status
Parts of the SQL Standard and Timeline
How to Get Copies of the Standards
The SQL Standards Process
SQL/MM
Disclaimer and Credits

Current Status

While the SQL Standard is often perceived as established technology, rather than the innovative, cutting edge technology it was when the standards process started in early 1980's, it is still an expanding, evolving, relevant standard.

The original SQL standard was completed as a USA ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard in 1986, and adopted as an ISO (International Standards Organization) standard in 1987. Expansions and revisions were released in 1989 and 1992.

To allow relevant pieces to progress at different rates, the SQL standard has been divided into multiple parts. Two of these parts were completed in the 1990's, as additions to SQL-1992. SQL/CLI (Call Language Interface) was completed in 1995 and SQL/PSM (Persistent Stored Modules) was completed in 1996. Revisions and expansions to Parts one through five were completed in 1999.

Following the completion of SQL:1999, there has been significant work on SQL with Java (a Sun trademark) and XML, as well as the use of SQL to manage data external to an SQL database.

Another revision to all of the parts was completed as SQL:2003. Since SQL:2003, the SQL standards committees have expanded XML support and corrected some errors. The expanded SQL/XML standard was published in 2006 and a full revision of all nine parts was published in 2008.

In 2007, WG3 made the decision that, following the completion of SQL:2008, four of the nine parts were stable enough that they did not need additional expansion. The remaining five parts, SQL/Framework, SQL/Foundation, SQL/PSM, SQL/Schemata, and SQL/XML, are on target for completion of another revision in 2011.

In addition to the SQL standards, there is a separate set of specifications called SQL/MM that is a multi-media expansion of the SQL Standard.

SQL Parts and Events

Over the years, the SQL standard has expanded and multiplied. Parts have been split out and rejoined. As a result, the pedigree and status of the various pieces of completed and developing standards can be quite confusing.

The following three charts may help to clarify the parts of the standard. The first provides a brief explanation of the part. The second is a timeline that shows activity for each part for each version of the standard. The third shows the number of pages devoted to each part in each of the standards.

Explanation of Parts of the Standard

Part Explanation

Part 1 - SQL/Framework Contains information common to all parts of the standard and describes the parts.

Part 2 - SQL/Foundation SQK Data definition and data maniputlation syntax and semantics, including SQL embedded in non-object programming languages.

SQL/OLAP Online Analytical Processing: Amendment describing functions and operations useful for analytical processing.

Part 3 - SQL/CLI Call Level Interface: Corresponds to ODBC.

Part 4 - SQL/PSM Persistent Stored Modules: Stored routines, external routines, and procedural language extensions to SQL.

Part 5 - SQL/Bindings Embedded SQL.

Part 6 - SQL/Transaction SQL specialization of the X-Open XA specification. Project has been canceled.

Part 7 - SQL/Temporal Extensions to SQL to deal with time-oriented data types. There has been some difference of opinion on the requirements and details of Temporal. For more details on this topic, see the books Developing Time-Oriented Database Applications in SQL by Richard Snodgrass and Christian Jensen and Temporal Data and the Relational Model by C.J. Date, Hugh Darwen, and Nikos Lorentzos. This project has been withdrawn.

Part 8 - SQL/Objects Extended Objects During the development of SQL-1999, there was a great deal of discussion and change in the object model to be supported. To isolate these changes, the Object portion was separated into a separate part. As the object model stabilized during the completion of SQL-1999, the object oriented capabilities were merged back into SQL/Foundation, so this part no longer exists.

Part 9 - SQL/MED Management of External Data: Adds syntax and definitions to SQL/Foundation to allow SQL access to non-SQL data sources (files).

Part 10 - SQL/OLB Object Language Bindings: Specifies the syntax and semantics of embedding SQL in Java™. Works in conjunction with JDBC but supports applications that do not need the dynamic SQL capabilities provided by JDBC. This corresponds to what the SQLJ group refers to as SQLJ part 0. Martin Gruber refers to this as "Embedded SQL.J"

Part 11 - SQL/Schemata Information and Definition Schemas

Part 12 - SQL/Replication Replication facilities for SQL. This project began in 2000. The goal is to define syntax and semantics to allow definition of replication schemes and rules, including rules for resolution of update conflicts.

Part 13 - SQL/JRT Java Routines and Types: Routines using the Java™ Programming Language (Persistent Stored SQLJ)

Part 14 - SQL/XML SQL and XML

Explanation of Parts of the Standard
Part	Explanation
Part 1 - SQL/Framework	Contains information common to all parts of the standard and describes the parts.
Part 2 - SQL/Foundation	SQK Data definition and data maniputlation syntax and semantics, including SQL embedded in non-object programming languages.
SQL/OLAP	Online Analytical Processing: Amendment describing functions and operations useful for analytical processing.
Part 3 - SQL/CLI	Call Level Interface: Corresponds to ODBC.
Part 4 - SQL/PSM	Persistent Stored Modules: Stored routines, external routines, and procedural language extensions to SQL.
Part 5 - SQL/Bindings	Embedded SQL.
Part 6 - SQL/Transaction	SQL specialization of the X-Open XA specification. Project has been canceled.
Part 7 - SQL/Temporal	Extensions to SQL to deal with time-oriented data types. There has been some difference of opinion on the requirements and details of Temporal. For more details on this topic, see the books Developing Time-Oriented Database Applications in SQL by Richard Snodgrass and Christian Jensen and Temporal Data and the Relational Model by C.J. Date, Hugh Darwen, and Nikos Lorentzos. This project has been withdrawn.
Part 8 - SQL/Objects Extended Objects	During the development of SQL-1999, there was a great deal of discussion and change in the object model to be supported. To isolate these changes, the Object portion was separated into a separate part. As the object model stabilized during the completion of SQL-1999, the object oriented capabilities were merged back into SQL/Foundation, so this part no longer exists.
Part 9 - SQL/MED	Management of External Data: Adds syntax and definitions to SQL/Foundation to allow SQL access to non-SQL data sources (files).
Part 10 - SQL/OLB	Object Language Bindings: Specifies the syntax and semantics of embedding SQL in Java™. Works in conjunction with JDBC but supports applications that do not need the dynamic SQL capabilities provided by JDBC. This corresponds to what the SQLJ group refers to as SQLJ part 0. Martin Gruber refers to this as "Embedded SQL.J"
Part 11 - SQL/Schemata	Information and Definition Schemas
Part 12 - SQL/Replication	Replication facilities for SQL. This project began in 2000. The goal is to define syntax and semantics to allow definition of replication schemes and rules, including rules for resolution of update conflicts.
Part 13 - SQL/JRT	Java Routines and Types: Routines using the Java™ Programming Language (Persistent Stored SQLJ)
Part 14 - SQL/XML	SQL and XML

Timeline

Part SQL 1992 SQL 1999 SQL 2003 SQL 2008 SQL 2011 (FCD)

Part 1 - SQL/Framework Completed Completed Completed In progress

Part 2 - SQL/Foundation Completed (includes bindings and schema information tables) Completed Completed (SQL/Bindings merged in; schema information tables separated out) Incremental expansions and some bug fixes. System Versioned Tables

SQL/OLAP Processed as an amendment to SQL/Foundation OLAP amendment merged into SQL/Foundation

Part 3 - SQL/CLI Completed in '95 as an expansion to SQL-92 Completed Completed Completed

Part 4 - SQL/PSM Completed in '96 as an expansion to SQL-92 Completed (stored routines and call statement moved to SQL/Foundation) Completed Completed In Progress

Part 5 - SQL/Bindings Specification for embedding SQL in programming languages moved to a separate part. SQL/Bindings merged back into SQL/Foundation,

Part 6 - SQL/Transaction Project canceled due to lack of need

Part 7 - SQL/Temporal Project Canceled due to lack of progress.

Part 8 - SQL/Objects Extended Objects Merged into SQL/Foundation

Part 9 - SQL/MED ISO version based on SQL-99 Revision completed Completed

Part 10 - SQL/OLB completed in '98 as an ANSI only standard ISO version based on SQL-99 completed Revision completed Completed

Part 11 - SQL/Schemata Schema information tables extracted from SQL-99 completed Completed In Progress

Part 12 - SQL/Replication Became a project in 2000, with goal of defining syntax and semantics to support definition of replication schemes and rules, including rules for resolution of update conflicts. Project canceled due to lack of progress.

Part 13 - SQL/JRT completed in '99 as an ANSI only standard Revision completed Completed

Part 14 - SQL/XML Completed Expansion completed in 2006. Support for XQuery Update added in 2008. In progress

Timeline
Part	SQL 1992	SQL 1999	SQL 2003	SQL 2008	SQL 2011 (FCD)
Part 1 - SQL/Framework		Completed	Completed	Completed	In progress
Part 2 - SQL/Foundation	Completed (includes bindings and schema information tables)	Completed	Completed (SQL/Bindings merged in; schema information tables separated out)	Incremental expansions and some bug fixes.	System Versioned Tables
SQL/OLAP		Processed as an amendment to SQL/Foundation	OLAP amendment merged into SQL/Foundation
Part 3 - SQL/CLI	Completed in '95 as an expansion to SQL-92	Completed	Completed	Completed
Part 4 - SQL/PSM	Completed in '96 as an expansion to SQL-92	Completed (stored routines and call statement moved to SQL/Foundation)	Completed	Completed	In Progress
Part 5 - SQL/Bindings		Specification for embedding SQL in programming languages moved to a separate part.	SQL/Bindings merged back into SQL/Foundation,
Part 6 - SQL/Transaction		Project canceled due to lack of need
Part 7 - SQL/Temporal			Project Canceled due to lack of progress.
Part 8 - SQL/Objects Extended Objects		Merged into SQL/Foundation
Part 9 - SQL/MED		ISO version based on SQL-99	Revision completed	Completed
Part 10 - SQL/OLB	completed in '98 as an ANSI only standard	ISO version based on SQL-99 completed	Revision completed	Completed
Part 11 - SQL/Schemata			Schema information tables extracted from SQL-99 completed	Completed	In Progress
Part 12 - SQL/Replication		Became a project in 2000, with goal of defining syntax and semantics to support definition of replication schemes and rules, including rules for resolution of update conflicts.	Project canceled due to lack of progress.
Part 13 - SQL/JRT	completed in '99 as an ANSI only standard		Revision completed	Completed
Part 14 - SQL/XML			Completed	Expansion completed in 2006. Support for XQuery Update added in 2008.	In progress

Pages Devoted to Different Sections

Part SQL 1992 Pages SQL 1999 Pages SQL 2003 Pages SQL 2008 Pages SQL 2011 (FCD) Pages

Part 1 - SQL/Framework 85 81 93 90

Part 2 - SQL/Foundation 628 1,147 1,267 1,366 1,422

Part 3 - SQL/CLI (1995) 236 421 402 405

Part 4 - SQL/PSM (1996) 256 170 184 191 196

Part 5 - SQL/Bindings 261

Part 9 - SQL/MED 498 486

Part 10 - SQL/OLB 405 415

Part 11 - SQL/Schemata 296 298 298

Part 13 - SQL/JRT 204 208

Part 14 - SQL/XML 266 447 447

Total 1,120 2,084 3,606 3,906 2,456

Pages Devoted to Different Sections
Part	SQL 1992 Pages	SQL 1999 Pages	SQL 2003 Pages	SQL 2008 Pages	SQL 2011 (FCD) Pages
Part 1 - SQL/Framework		85	81	93	90
Part 2 - SQL/Foundation	628	1,147	1,267	1,366	1,422
Part 3 - SQL/CLI (1995)	236	421	402	405
Part 4 - SQL/PSM (1996)	256	170	184	191	196
Part 5 - SQL/Bindings		261
Part 9 - SQL/MED			498	486
Part 10 - SQL/OLB			405	415
Part 11 - SQL/Schemata			296	298	298
Part 13 - SQL/JRT			204	208
Part 14 - SQL/XML			266	447	447
Total	1,120	2,084	3,606	3,906	2,456

Getting Copies of the Standards

Because of ANSI and ISO copyright restrictions, copies of the SQL standards specifications are available only for purchase.

Electronic (PDF) of printed copies of the SQL standards are available from several sources.

ISO – http://www.iso.ch, click on "ISO STORE", and search for 9075. Prices are in Swiss Francs.
ANSI – http://www.ansi.org/, click on "Access Standards - eStandards Store" and search for "SQL Language".
- Make sure you choose the 2008 versions
- Note that there are two variants of each document:
  - INCITS/ISO/IEC 9075-*-2008
  - ISO/IEC 9075-*:2008

(The "INCITS/ISO/IEC" variants of the documents are US$ 30.00 per document. The "ISO/IEC" variants range from US$ 180 to US$ 451 per document. The content of the documents is identical.)

The SQL Standards Process

The process of creating a standard involves a lot of work by a lot of people, and a certain amount of bureaucracy.

International (ISO)

In the international arena, the SQL Standard is developed by a committee designated as ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 Data Management and Interchange/WG 3 – Database Languages. This committee is made up of delegations from the participating countries.

Officers
- Convenor – Keith Hare - USA
- Editor – Jim Melton – USA
Active participants are:
- USA
- Canada
- Great Britain
- Netherlands
- Germany
- Japan
- China

WG3 usually meets twice a year to discuss and process proposed changes, additions, and/or corrections from various participants.

Each of the member countries have different organizations and procedures for determining who will be members of the delegation to WG3 and which proposed changes will be supported.

United States

Within the USA, the SQL Standards work is done by the ANSI INCITS DM32.2 Database committee.

Note: DM32.2 used to be INCITS H2 until mid 2009 when INCITS restructured committees to match the ISO/IEC SC 32 structure.

INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) accredited standards producing organization. According to the INCITS web site (http://www.incits.org):

INCITS is sponsored by the Information Technology Industry Council (ITI), a trade association representing the leading U.S. providers of information technology products and services

Participation within DM32.2 is by technical experts from companies – one vote per company. The current membership of the committee is:

Officers
- Chair: Don Deutsch – Oracle Corporation
- Vice Chair: Keith Hare – JCC Consulting, Inc.
- Secretary – Mike Gorman – Whitemarsh
- International Representative – Krishna Kulkarni – IBM
- Editor – Jim Melton – Oracle
Participating Companies
- Bentley Systems
- Bureau of Labor Statistics
- CA
- HP
- IBM
- Ingres
- Intersystems
- JCC Consulting, Inc.
- Microsoft
- Oracle Corporation
- Software Workshop, Inc.
- Sybase
- Teradata
- Whitemarsh Information Systems

SQL/MM

Within the international SQL standards efforts, SQL/MM is the responsibility of the committee ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32/WG 4 SQL/Multimedia and application packages. The current parts of SQL/MM are:

SQL/MM Part 1: Framework
SQL/MM Part 2: Full Text
SQL/MM Part 3: Spatial
SQL/MM Part 5: Still image
SQL/MM Part 6: Data mining

Disclaimer

The JCC SQL Standards Page was created and is maintained by Keith W. Hare (keith@jcc.com) of JCC Consulting, Inc. Keith is a current voting member of INCITS DM32.2, has participated in the ANSI SQL standards process since 1988, is the current Vice Chair of the US committee, and is the Convenor (Chair) of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC32 WG3 (international SQL Standards Committee). Any opinions or positions expressed here are Keith's and do not necessarily represent the opinions or positions of INCITS DM32.2, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC 32/WG3 DBL, or any of the other members of either committee.

Trademarks and credits.